The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism, 1820-1913: Trade, Investment and ProductionOriginally published in 1987, this book examines the consequences of the nineteenth century economic penetration of Europe into the Ottoman Empire. Professor Pamuk makes subtle use of a very wide range of sources encompassing the statistics of most of the European countries and Ottoman records not previously tapped for this purpose. His economic and quantitative analysis established the long term trends of Ottoman foreign trade and European investment